{"id":403,"date":"2026-10-27T18:58:57","date_gmt":"2026-10-27T15:58:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/professional-project-management\/"},"modified":"2026-10-30T15:16:57","modified_gmt":"2026-10-30T13:16:57","slug":"professional-project-management","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/professional-project-management\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script>(function(){function s(){var home=null,tr=[];document.querySelectorAll('a.menu-link').forEach(function(a){var h=a.getAttribute('href')||'';if(\/\\\/trainers\\\/?$\/.test(h))tr.push(a);else if(!home&&\/^https?:\\\/\\\/[^\\\/]+(\\\/index\\.php)?\\\/?$\/.test(h))home=a});if(!home)return;var ar=\/[\u0600-\u06ff]\/.test(home.textContent);tr.forEach(function(a){var t=ar?'\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646':'Trainers';if(a.textContent!==t)a.textContent=t})}s();document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',s);new MutationObserver(s).observe(document.body,{childList:true,subtree:true,characterData:true})})();<\/script>\n\n<style>.single-post .entry-header,.single-post .entry-content,.single-post .entry-title,.single-post .post-navigation{direction:rtl;text-align:right}.single-post .entry-content{font-size:18px;line-height:2;color:#1f2937}.single-post .entry-content h2{color:#0B2F9F;border-right:4px solid #7B2FF7;padding-right:12px;margin-top:2em}.single-post .entry-content h3{color:#0B2F9F;margin-top:1.5em}.single-post .entry-content ul,.single-post .entry-content ol{padding-right:1.5em;padding-left:0}.single-post .entry-content img{display:block}.single-post .mtms-meta{font-size:14px;color:#6b7280;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e7eb;padding-bottom:12px;margin-bottom:20px}.single-post .mtms-box{background:#f3f0ff;border:1px solid #d9ccff;border-right:5px solid #7B2FF7;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0}.single-post .mtms-box h2{margin-top:0;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.15em}.single-post .mtms-toc{background:#eef4ff;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0}.single-post .mtms-toc h2{margin-top:0;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.15em}.single-post .mtms-toc ol{margin:0}.single-post .entry-content table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:20px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.8}.single-post .entry-content th{background:#0B2F9F;color:#fff;padding:10px;text-align:right}.single-post .entry-content td{border:1px solid #e5e7eb;padding:10px;vertical-align:top}.single-post .mtms-refs p{direction:ltr;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;text-indent:-2em;font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;margin:0 0 .8em}.single-post .mtms-author{background:#0B2F9F;color:#fff;border-radius:10px;padding:18px 22px;margin-top:32px;line-height:1.9}.single-post .mtms-author a{color:#19E6C9}<\/style>\n\n\n\n<style>.single-post .entry-content h2,.single-post .entry-content h3,.mtms-en h2,.mtms-en h3{color:#1B2A4A!important}.single-post .entry-content h2{border-right-color:#C9A227!important}.mtms-en h2{border-left-color:#C9A227!important}.single-post .mtms-box{background:#faf6e6!important;border-color:#ecdca0!important;border-right-color:#C9A227!important}.mtms-en .mtms-box{border-right-color:#ecdca0!important;border-left-color:#C9A227!important}.single-post .mtms-toc,.mtms-en .mtms-toc{background:#eef1f7!important}.single-post .entry-content th,.mtms-en th{background:#1B2A4A!important}.single-post .mtms-author,.mtms-en .mtms-author{background:#1B2A4A!important}.single-post .mtms-author a,.mtms-en .mtms-author a{color:#E6C75A!important}<\/style>\n<p class='mtms-meta'>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f: MTMS Global \u00b7 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: 27\/10\/2026 \u00b7 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629: 9 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641: \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n\n<div class='mtms-box'><h2>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 (PMBOK)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a 1,471 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p><\/div>\n\n<nav class='mtms-toc' aria-label='\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629'><h2>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2><ol><li><a href='#intro'>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#concept'>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#groups'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#areas'>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#methods'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#failure'>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#example'>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#conclusion'>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#faq'>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#refs'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='intro'>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631: \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='concept'>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a (PMI, 2017) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a (Project Management) \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064e \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629\u064f \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 (Scope) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 (Time) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 (Cost)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (Kerzner, 2017).<\/p>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='groups'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 (PMBOK) \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a (PMI, 2017)\u060c \u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636<\/th><th>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 (Initiating)<\/td><td>\u062a\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/td><td>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 (Planning)<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 (Executing)<\/td><td>\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/td><td>\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 (Monitoring and Controlling)<\/td><td>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 (Closing)<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='areas'>\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (PMI, 2017)\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 (Integration)<\/td><td>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 (Scope)<\/td><td>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u0647\u061f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a (Schedule)<\/td><td>\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u062c\u061f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 (Cost)<\/td><td>\u0643\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (Quality)<\/td><td>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u061f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f (Resources)<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a (Communications)<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649\u061f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 (Risk)<\/td><td>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0647\u061f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a (Procurement)<\/td><td>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646\u061f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 (Stakeholder)<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u061f<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (PMI, 2021) \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 <a href='https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/risk-management-basics\/'>\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='methods'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629 (Predictive) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u0629 (Agile) \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u0629 (Beck et al., 2001).<\/p>\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627<\/td><td>\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/td><td>\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631<\/td><td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/td><td>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/td><td>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u064a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='failure'>\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u0644\u0644\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 Flyvbjerg \u0648Budzier (2011) \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a 1,471 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a 27%\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0628\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u00bb (Black Swan) \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a 200% \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 70%. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0630\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n\n<ul class='wp-block-list'><li><strong>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f:<\/strong> \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 (Kerzner, 2017).<\/li><li><strong>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0644:<\/strong> \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a.<\/li><li><strong>\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644:<\/strong> \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/li><li><strong>\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629:<\/strong> \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/li><li><strong>\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629:<\/strong> \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='example'>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 40 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642<\/td><td>\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/td><td>\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 8 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 6 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631<\/td><td>\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a: \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='conclusion'>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623:<\/p>\n\n<ol class='wp-block-list'><li>\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/li><li>\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/li><li>\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/li><li>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a.<\/li><li>\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' 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\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/contact-us\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627<\/a> \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n\n<div id='refs' class='mtms-refs'><h2 style='direction:rtl;text-align:right'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2><p>Beck, K., Beedle, M., van Bennekum, A., Cockburn, A., Cunningham, W., Fowler, M., \u2026 Thomas, D. (2001). <em>Manifesto for Agile Software Development<\/em>. https:\/\/agilemanifesto.org<\/p><p>Flyvbjerg, B., &amp; Budzier, A. (2011). Why your IT project may be riskier than you think. <em>Harvard Business Review, 89<\/em>(9), 23\u201325.<\/p><p>Kerzner, H. (2017). <em>Project management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling<\/em> (12th ed.). Wiley.<\/p><p>Project Management Institute. (2017). <em>A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide)<\/em> (6th ed.). Author.<\/p><p>Project Management Institute. (2021). <em>A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide) and the standard for project management<\/em> (7th ed.). Author.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.mtms-langbar{direction:ltr;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;margin:0 0 14px}.mtms-langbar button{font-family:inherit;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;border:2px solid #C9A227;background:#1B2A4A;color:#fff;border-radius:8px;padding:8px 18px;line-height:1.4}.mtms-langbar button:hover{background:#C9A227;color:#1B2A4A}.mtms-en{display:none}body.mtms-lang-en .entry-content>*:not(.mtms-en):not(.mtms-langbar){display:none!important}body.mtms-lang-en .mtms-en{display:block;direction:ltr;text-align:left;font-size:18px;line-height:1.9;color:#1f2937}body.mtms-lang-en.single-post .entry-header,body.mtms-lang-en.single-post .entry-content,body.mtms-lang-en.single-post .entry-title,body.mtms-lang-en.single-post .post-navigation{direction:ltr;text-align:left}.mtms-en h2{color:#0B2F9F;border-left:4px solid #7B2FF7;padding-left:12px;margin-top:2em}.mtms-en h3{color:#0B2F9F;margin-top:1.5em}.mtms-en ul,.mtms-en ol{padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:0}.mtms-en .mtms-meta{font-size:14px;color:#6b7280;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e7eb;padding-bottom:12px;margin-bottom:20px}.mtms-en .mtms-box{background:#f3f0ff;border:1px solid #d9ccff;border-left:5px solid #7B2FF7;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0}.mtms-en .mtms-box h2,.mtms-en .mtms-toc h2{margin-top:0;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.15em}.mtms-en .mtms-toc{background:#eef4ff;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0}.mtms-en .mtms-toc ol{margin:0}.mtms-en table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:20px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7}.mtms-en th{background:#0B2F9F;color:#fff;padding:10px;text-align:left}.mtms-en td{border:1px solid #e5e7eb;padding:10px;vertical-align:top}.mtms-en .mtms-refs p{padding-left:2em;text-indent:-2em;font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;margin:0 0 .8em}.mtms-en .mtms-author{background:#0B2F9F;color:#fff;border-radius:10px;padding:18px 22px;margin-top:32px;line-height:1.8}.mtms-en .mtms-author a{color:#19E6C9}.mtms-en .mtms-share{direction:ltr;text-align:left;border-right:1px solid #e3e7ef;border-left:4px solid #C9A227}.mtms-en .mtms-share a{margin:0 8px 8px 0}<\/style>\n<div class=\"mtms-en\" data-title=\"Project Management: Phases, Knowledge Areas and Causes of Failure\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"mtms-meta\">By MTMS Global \u00b7 Last updated: 27\/10\/2026 \u00b7 Reading time: 9 minutes \u00b7 Category: Project Management<\/p>\n<div class=\"mtms-box\"><h2>Summary<\/h2><p>This article defines a project as a temporary effort that produces a unique output. It presents the five process groups and the ten knowledge areas as set out in the sixth edition of the PMBOK Guide, explains the seventh edition&#8217;s shift to principles and performance domains, compares predictive and agile approaches, and reviews the causes of cost and schedule overruns based on a study of 1,471 projects.<\/p><p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> project management, project life cycle, knowledge areas, agile management, cost overruns.<\/p><\/div>\n<nav class=\"mtms-toc\" aria-label=\"Table of contents\"><h2>Contents<\/h2><ol><li><a href=\"#en-intro\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-concept\">Defining a project and its management<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-groups\">The five process groups<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-areas\">The ten knowledge areas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-methods\">Predictive and agile approaches<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-failure\">Why projects fail<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-example\">An illustrative example<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-conclusion\">Conclusion and recommendations<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-refs\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-intro\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Most changes in an organization become projects: a new order system, a new branch, or a corporate training program. A project&#8217;s outcome is usually judged on three things: did it finish on time, did it stay within budget, and did it deliver what was promised. Published studies show that these three measures repeatedly go wrong, and that the causes are known and can be managed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-concept\">Defining a project and its management<\/h2>\n<p>The Project Management Institute (PMI, 2017) defines a project as a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. &#8220;Temporary&#8221; means it has a defined beginning and end, unlike repetitive operational processes. Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet the project&#8217;s requirements.<\/p>\n<p>A project is traditionally bound by three interrelated constraints: scope, time and cost, and quality is affected by a change in any of them. Adding an item to the scope without adjusting the budget or schedule shifts the pressure onto quality (Kerzner, 2017).<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-groups\">The five process groups<\/h2>\n<p>The sixth edition of the PMBOK Guide organizes project work into five process groups (PMI, 2017), summarized in the table below with an example from a project inside a distribution company.<\/p>\n<table><thead><tr><th>Group<\/th><th>Purpose<\/th><th>Example: an electronic order system for sales representatives<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Initiating<\/td><td>Authorize the project and identify the sponsor and project manager<\/td><td>Approve the project charter and name the sponsor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Planning<\/td><td>Define the scope, schedule, budget and risk plan<\/td><td>Define the required functions and the pilot launch schedule<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Executing<\/td><td>Do the work according to the plan and manage the team<\/td><td>Configure the system and train the representatives<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring and Controlling<\/td><td>Measure performance, take corrective action and manage change<\/td><td>Weekly review of the share of orders recorded electronically<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Closing<\/td><td>Formal handover and documentation of lessons learned<\/td><td>Approve the handover and record the lessons<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The groups are not necessarily sequential phases in time: monitoring and controlling runs throughout the project, and planning returns whenever the scope changes.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-areas\">The ten knowledge areas<\/h2>\n<p>In its sixth edition the guide adds ten knowledge areas (PMI, 2017), representing the subjects a project manager must manage:<\/p>\n<table><thead><tr><th>Area<\/th><th>The question it addresses<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Project Integration Management<\/td><td>How do the project&#8217;s elements fit together, and how are changes managed?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Scope Management<\/td><td>What does the project include and what does it exclude?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Schedule Management<\/td><td>When are activities completed, and what is the critical path?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Cost Management<\/td><td>How much will the project cost and how is the budget controlled?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Quality Management<\/td><td>How do we verify that requirements are met?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resource Management<\/td><td>Who does the work and with what resources?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Communications Management<\/td><td>Who needs which information, and when?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Management<\/td><td>What might happen, and how do we prepare for it?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Procurement Management<\/td><td>What do we buy and who are the suppliers?<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Stakeholder Management<\/td><td>Who is affected by the project or can influence it?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The seventh edition (PMI, 2021) moved away from this classification to principles and performance domains, with attention to the diversity of approaches, but the ten knowledge areas remain a common reference in training and practice. Our article <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/risk-management-basics\/\">Enterprise risk management: framework, process and risk register<\/a> (Arabic) covers the eighth area in more detail.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-methods\">Predictive and agile approaches<\/h2>\n<p>The predictive approach assumes that requirements are known in advance, so it plans the whole project and then executes it. The agile approach works in short cycles that deliver partial value, collect customer feedback and adjust priorities; its core values were set out in the Manifesto for Agile Software Development (Beck et al., 2001).<\/p>\n<table><thead><tr><th>Aspect<\/th><th>Predictive<\/th><th>Agile<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Requirements<\/td><td>Stable and known at the start<\/td><td>Evolve as work progresses<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Delivery<\/td><td>Usually once, at the end<\/td><td>Short, repeated cycles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Change<\/td><td>Goes through a formal change-control procedure<\/td><td>Expected and built into priorities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Suitable example<\/td><td>Building a new branch or warehouse<\/td><td>Developing an application or information system<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>The approach is chosen according to the nature of the project and how clear the requirements are, and many projects combine the two.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-failure\">Why projects fail<\/h2>\n<p>A study by Flyvbjerg and Budzier (2011) analyzed data on 1,471 IT projects and found that the average cost overrun was 27%, and that roughly one project in six was a &#8220;Black Swan&#8221;, with an average cost overrun of 200% and a schedule overrun of about 70%. This result shows that the average overrun hides a tail of very severe cases, and that risk management needs to consider extreme scenarios and not only the average.<\/p>\n<ul><li><strong>Undefined scope:<\/strong> requirements that expand during execution without an adjustment to the budget or schedule (Kerzner, 2017).<\/li><li><strong>Optimistic estimating:<\/strong> schedules and budgets built on best-case scenarios.<\/li><li><strong>No active sponsor:<\/strong> a project without a decision-maker to remove obstacles.<\/li><li><strong>Weak stakeholder management:<\/strong> users who were not consulted resist the result at handover.<\/li><li><strong>Unrecorded risks:<\/strong> risks the team knows about but that do not appear in the project plan.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-example\">An illustrative example<\/h2>\n<p>The following example is hypothetical, to illustrate application; its figures are not real data. It assumes a distribution company launching an electronic order system for 40 sales representatives.<\/p>\n<table><thead><tr><th>Element<\/th><th>Application<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Scope<\/td><td>Recording orders and invoices only in the first phase. Performance reports and inventory management are excluded.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Schedule<\/td><td>A pilot with 8 representatives over 6 weeks, then a gradual rollout to the rest.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Budget<\/td><td>A contingency reserve whose percentage is set by the sponsor and recorded in the plan.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risks<\/td><td>Weak internet coverage in some areas; the solution is to enter the order offline and then synchronize.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Monitoring<\/td><td>A weekly indicator: the share of orders recorded electronically out of total orders.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-conclusion\">Conclusion and recommendations<\/h2>\n<p>Projects succeed when the scope is defined, estimates are realistic, the sponsor is active and risks are recorded. For a project manager just starting out:<\/p>\n<ol><li>Write the scope and what it excludes in a single document approved by the sponsor.<\/li><li>Base estimates on data from previous projects, and add a declared reserve for risks.<\/li><li>Record risks from day one and review them weekly.<\/li><li>Choose the approach according to how clear the requirements are.<\/li><li>Document lessons learned at closing.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<h3>What is the difference between a project and an operational process?<\/h3>\n<p>A project is temporary and produces a unique output, whereas an operational process is continuous and repetitive, such as processing daily orders.<\/p>\n<h3>What are a project&#8217;s three constraints?<\/h3>\n<p>Scope, time and cost. They are interrelated, so a change in one affects the others and affects quality.<\/p>\n<h3>When does the agile approach fit?<\/h3>\n<p>When requirements are unstable and partial value can be delivered in short cycles, as in software development. Projects with fixed requirements, such as construction, usually suit the predictive approach.<\/p>\n<h3>Are the ten knowledge areas still used after the seventh edition?<\/h3>\n<p>Yes. They remain a common reference in training and practice, even though the seventh edition moved to principles and performance domains.<\/p>\n\n<h2>Putting it into practice<\/h2>\n<p>MTMS Global offers <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/training\/\">training programs<\/a> in project management for organizational teams, and <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/consulting\/\">consulting services<\/a> for setting up a project management office. To link projects to strategy, see our article <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/strategic-planning-steps\/\">Strategic planning: steps for preparing the organization&#8217;s strategic plan<\/a> (Arabic). You can also <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/contact-us\/\">contact us<\/a> to discuss your organization&#8217;s needs.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"en-refs\" class=\"mtms-refs\"><h2>References<\/h2><p>Beck, K., Beedle, M., van Bennekum, A., Cockburn, A., Cunningham, W., Fowler, M., \u2026 Thomas, D. (2001). <em>Manifesto for Agile Software Development<\/em>. https:\/\/agilemanifesto.org<\/p><p>Flyvbjerg, B., &amp; Budzier, A. (2011). Why your IT project may be riskier than you think. <em>Harvard Business Review, 89<\/em>(9), 23\u201325.<\/p><p>Kerzner, H. (2017). <em>Project management: A systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling<\/em> (12th ed.). Wiley.<\/p><p>Project Management Institute. (2017). <em>A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide)<\/em> (6th ed.). Author.<\/p><p>Project Management Institute. (2021). <em>A guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide) and the standard for project management<\/em> (7th ed.). Author.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"mtms-author\"><strong>About MTMS Global:<\/strong> a Cairo-based management training and consulting company serving organizations in Egypt and the Gulf. 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