{"id":405,"date":"2026-10-27T18:59:19","date_gmt":"2026-10-27T15:59:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/business-management-essentials\/"},"modified":"2026-10-30T15:16:01","modified_gmt":"2026-10-30T13:16:01","slug":"business-management-essentials","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/business-management-essentials\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script>(function(){function s(){var home=null,tr=[];document.querySelectorAll('a.menu-link').forEach(function(a){var h=a.getAttribute('href')||'';if(\/\\\/trainers\\\/?$\/.test(h))tr.push(a);else if(!home&&\/^https?:\\\/\\\/[^\\\/]+(\\\/index\\.php)?\\\/?$\/.test(h))home=a});if(!home)return;var ar=\/[\u0600-\u06ff]\/.test(home.textContent);tr.forEach(function(a){var t=ar?'\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646':'Trainers';if(a.textContent!==t)a.textContent=t})}s();document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',s);new MutationObserver(s).observe(document.body,{childList:true,subtree:true,characterData:true})})();<\/script>\n\n<style>.single-post .entry-header,.single-post .entry-content,.single-post .entry-title,.single-post .post-navigation{direction:rtl;text-align:right}.single-post .entry-content{font-size:18px;line-height:2;color:#1f2937}.single-post .entry-content h2{color:#0B2F9F;border-right:4px solid #7B2FF7;padding-right:12px;margin-top:2em}.single-post .entry-content h3{color:#0B2F9F;margin-top:1.5em}.single-post .entry-content ul,.single-post .entry-content ol{padding-right:1.5em;padding-left:0}.single-post .entry-content img{display:block}.single-post .mtms-meta{font-size:14px;color:#6b7280;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e7eb;padding-bottom:12px;margin-bottom:20px}.single-post .mtms-box{background:#f3f0ff;border:1px solid #d9ccff;border-right:5px solid #7B2FF7;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0}.single-post .mtms-box h2{margin-top:0;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.15em}.single-post .mtms-toc{background:#eef4ff;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0}.single-post .mtms-toc h2{margin-top:0;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.15em}.single-post .mtms-toc ol{margin:0}.single-post .entry-content table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:20px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.8}.single-post .entry-content th{background:#0B2F9F;color:#fff;padding:10px;text-align:right}.single-post .entry-content td{border:1px solid #e5e7eb;padding:10px;vertical-align:top}.single-post .mtms-refs p{direction:ltr;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;text-indent:-2em;font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;margin:0 0 .8em}.single-post .mtms-author{background:#0B2F9F;color:#fff;border-radius:10px;padding:18px 22px;margin-top:32px;line-height:1.9}.single-post .mtms-author a{color:#19E6C9}<\/style>\n\n\n\n<style>.single-post .entry-content h2,.single-post .entry-content h3,.mtms-en h2,.mtms-en h3{color:#1B2A4A!important}.single-post .entry-content h2{border-right-color:#C9A227!important}.mtms-en h2{border-left-color:#C9A227!important}.single-post .mtms-box{background:#faf6e6!important;border-color:#ecdca0!important;border-right-color:#C9A227!important}.mtms-en .mtms-box{border-right-color:#ecdca0!important;border-left-color:#C9A227!important}.single-post .mtms-toc,.mtms-en .mtms-toc{background:#eef1f7!important}.single-post .entry-content th,.mtms-en th{background:#1B2A4A!important}.single-post .mtms-author,.mtms-en .mtms-author{background:#1B2A4A!important}.single-post .mtms-author a,.mtms-en .mtms-author a{color:#E6C75A!important}<\/style>\n<p class='mtms-meta'>\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f: MTMS Global \u00b7 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: 27\/10\/2026 \u00b7 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629: 8 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641: \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n\n<div class='mtms-box'><h2>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/h2><p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 (Business Management) \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0639 Fayol\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0641\u0647\u0627 Mintzberg\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 Katz. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p><p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631.<\/p><\/div>\n\n<nav class='mtms-toc' aria-label='\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629'><h2>\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/h2><ol><li><a href='#intro'>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#concept'>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#functions'>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#roles'>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f Mintzberg<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#skills'>\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f Katz<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#example'>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#mistakes'>\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#conclusion'>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#faq'>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a href='#refs'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='intro'>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629: \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u061f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='concept'>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 Drucker (2006) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 (\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='functions'>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 Fayol (1949) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/th><th>\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u0647<\/th><th>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 (Planning)<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627<\/td><td>\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 (Organizing)<\/td><td>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/td><td>\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 (Leading)<\/td><td>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647<\/td><td>\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 (Controlling)<\/td><td>\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641<\/td><td>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a <a href='https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/what-is-strategic-management\/'>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='roles'>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f Mintzberg<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 Mintzberg (1973) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0641\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 (Interpersonal)<\/td><td>\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 (Figurehead)\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f (Leader)\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644 (Liaison)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (Informational)<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 (Monitor)\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 (Disseminator)\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a (Spokesperson)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Decisional)<\/td><td>\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 (Entrepreneur)\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a (Disturbance Handler)\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f (Resource Allocator)\u060c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 (Negotiator)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u061f<\/p>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='skills'>\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f Katz<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062d\u062f\u062f Katz (1955) \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Technical) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Human) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Conceptual). \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649<\/th><th>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0645<\/td><td>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627<\/td><td>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='example'>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 12 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n\n<table><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f Mintzberg<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645<\/td><td>\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u062d\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629<\/td><td>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637<\/td><td>\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='mistakes'>\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<ul class='wp-block-list'><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a:<\/strong> \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/li><li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632:<\/strong> \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 Drucker (2006) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647.<\/li><li><strong>\u0625\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong> \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f.<\/li><li><strong>\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629:<\/strong> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629.<\/li><li><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629:<\/strong> \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0646\u0642 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='conclusion'>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a). \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623:<\/p>\n\n<ol class='wp-block-list'><li>\u0633\u062c\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 Mintzberg.<\/li><li>\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0643 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627.<\/li><li>\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0643 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627.<\/li><li>\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/li><li>\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading' id='faq'>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class='wp-block-heading'>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u061f<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 Fayol \u0628\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class='wp-block-heading'>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f Mintzberg\u061f<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a: \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Mintzberg, 1973).<\/p>\n\n<h3 class='wp-block-heading'>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u061f<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Katz, 1955)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class='wp-block-heading'>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f Drucker\u061f<\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d (Drucker, 2006).<\/p>\n\n<h2 class='wp-block-heading'>\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 MTMS Global <a href='https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/training\/'>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648<a href='https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/consulting\/'>\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 <a href='https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/ai-tools-for-managers\/'>\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/contact-us\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627<\/a> \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n\n<div id='refs' class='mtms-refs'><h2 style='direction:rtl;text-align:right'>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/h2><p>Drucker, P. F. (2006). <em>The effective executive: The definitive guide to getting the right things done<\/em>. Harper Business. (Original work published 1967)<\/p><p>Fayol, H. (1949). <em>General and industrial management<\/em> (C. Storrs, Trans.). Pitman. (Original work published 1916)<\/p><p>Katz, R. L. (1955). Skills of an effective administrator. <em>Harvard Business Review, 33<\/em>(1), 33\u201342.<\/p><p>Mintzberg, H. (1973). <em>The nature of managerial work<\/em>. Harper &amp; Row.<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.mtms-langbar{direction:ltr;display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;margin:0 0 14px}.mtms-langbar button{font-family:inherit;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;border:2px solid #C9A227;background:#1B2A4A;color:#fff;border-radius:8px;padding:8px 18px;line-height:1.4}.mtms-langbar button:hover{background:#C9A227;color:#1B2A4A}.mtms-en{display:none}body.mtms-lang-en .entry-content>*:not(.mtms-en):not(.mtms-langbar){display:none!important}body.mtms-lang-en .mtms-en{display:block;direction:ltr;text-align:left;font-size:18px;line-height:1.9;color:#1f2937}body.mtms-lang-en.single-post .entry-header,body.mtms-lang-en.single-post .entry-content,body.mtms-lang-en.single-post .entry-title,body.mtms-lang-en.single-post .post-navigation{direction:ltr;text-align:left}.mtms-en h2{color:#0B2F9F;border-left:4px solid #7B2FF7;padding-left:12px;margin-top:2em}.mtms-en h3{color:#0B2F9F;margin-top:1.5em}.mtms-en ul,.mtms-en ol{padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:0}.mtms-en .mtms-meta{font-size:14px;color:#6b7280;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e7eb;padding-bottom:12px;margin-bottom:20px}.mtms-en .mtms-box{background:#f3f0ff;border:1px solid #d9ccff;border-left:5px solid #7B2FF7;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0}.mtms-en .mtms-box h2,.mtms-en .mtms-toc h2{margin-top:0;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.15em}.mtms-en .mtms-toc{background:#eef4ff;border-radius:8px;padding:16px 20px;margin:24px 0}.mtms-en .mtms-toc ol{margin:0}.mtms-en table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:20px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7}.mtms-en th{background:#0B2F9F;color:#fff;padding:10px;text-align:left}.mtms-en td{border:1px solid #e5e7eb;padding:10px;vertical-align:top}.mtms-en .mtms-refs p{padding-left:2em;text-indent:-2em;font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;margin:0 0 .8em}.mtms-en .mtms-author{background:#0B2F9F;color:#fff;border-radius:10px;padding:18px 22px;margin-top:32px;line-height:1.8}.mtms-en .mtms-author a{color:#19E6C9}.mtms-en .mtms-share{direction:ltr;text-align:left;border-right:1px solid #e3e7ef;border-left:4px solid #C9A227}.mtms-en .mtms-share a{margin:0 8px 8px 0}<\/style>\n<div class=\"mtms-en\" data-title=\"Business Management: Managerial Functions, Roles and Skills\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">\n<p class=\"mtms-meta\">By MTMS Global \u00b7 Last updated: 27\/10\/2026 \u00b7 Reading time: 8 minutes \u00b7 Category: Business Management<\/p>\n<div class=\"mtms-box\"><h2>Summary<\/h2><p>This article presents the fundamentals of business management from three approaches in the literature of the field: the managerial functions that began with Fayol, the ten managerial roles classified by Mintzberg, and the three skills identified by Katz. It ends with a hypothetical example of a sales manager and practical recommendations.<\/p><p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> business management, managerial functions, managerial roles, managerial skills.<\/p><\/div>\n<nav class=\"mtms-toc\" aria-label=\"Table of contents\"><h2>Contents<\/h2><ol><li><a href=\"#en-intro\">Introduction<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-concept\">The concept of business management<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-functions\">Managerial functions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-roles\">Mintzberg&#8217;s managerial roles<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-skills\">Katz&#8217;s managerial skills<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-example\">An illustrative example<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-mistakes\">Common mistakes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-conclusion\">Conclusion and recommendations<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#en-refs\">References<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/nav>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-intro\">Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Many professionals move into managerial positions because of their technical excellence, and then discover that what they succeed at as individuals is not what the new job demands. The business management literature offers three complementary frameworks for understanding this job: what does a manager do, how does a manager spend their time, and what skills does a manager need?<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-concept\">The concept of business management<\/h2>\n<p>Business management is the accomplishment of organizational objectives through and with other people, by deploying available resources in a way that achieves effectiveness and efficiency. Drucker (2006) distinguishes between effectiveness (doing the right things) and efficiency (doing things right), and holds that a manager&#8217;s worth is measured by the results achieved, not by the effort expended.<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-functions\">Managerial functions<\/h2>\n<p>Fayol (1949) classified managerial work into five functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. Modern management textbooks usually condense these into four: planning, organizing, leading and controlling.<\/p>\n<table><thead><tr><th>Function<\/th><th>What it includes<\/th><th>Example from sales management<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Planning<\/td><td>Setting objectives and drawing up plans to achieve them<\/td><td>A monthly target for each region and a visit plan<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Organizing<\/td><td>Allocating tasks, authority and resources<\/td><td>Dividing territories among representatives by customer volume<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Leading<\/td><td>Directing, motivating and communicating with the team<\/td><td>A weekly meeting and field coaching sessions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Controlling<\/td><td>Measuring performance against the plan and correcting deviations<\/td><td>Comparing sales with the target weekly<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>Planning at the higher level connects to the content we presented in <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/what-is-strategic-management\/\">Strategic management: concept, stages and core models<\/a> (Arabic).<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-roles\">Mintzberg&#8217;s managerial roles<\/h2>\n<p>By following managers at work, Mintzberg (1973) observed that reality differs from the image of the calm planner: a manager&#8217;s work is fragmented and full of interruptions. He classified it into ten roles in three groups:<\/p>\n<table><thead><tr><th>Group<\/th><th>Roles<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Interpersonal<\/td><td>Figurehead, Leader, Liaison<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Informational<\/td><td>Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Decisional<\/td><td>Entrepreneur, Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator, Negotiator<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<p>This list helps a manager review their time: do they spend most of it in a single role, such as handling disturbances, at the expense of roles such as leading and allocating resources?<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-skills\">Katz&#8217;s managerial skills<\/h2>\n<p>Katz (1955) identified three skills for the manager: technical, human and conceptual. The importance of each varies with the managerial level: technical skill matters more in direct supervision, conceptual skill matters more in top management, and human skill is needed at every level.<\/p>\n<table><thead><tr><th>Skill<\/th><th>Meaning<\/th><th>Example<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Technical<\/td><td>Knowledge and tools of the functional field<\/td><td>Analyzing sales data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Human<\/td><td>Working with others and motivating them<\/td><td>Giving a representative constructive feedback<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conceptual<\/td><td>Seeing the organization as a whole and linking its parts<\/td><td>Choosing a sales channel that fits the strategy<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-example\">An illustrative example<\/h2>\n<p>The following example is hypothetical, to illustrate application; its figures are not real data. It assumes a sales manager in a distribution company who has 12 representatives.<\/p>\n<table><thead><tr><th>Weekly activity<\/th><th>Function<\/th><th>Mintzberg role<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Reviewing sales against the target for each representative<\/td><td>Controlling<\/td><td>Monitor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A team meeting to explain priorities<\/td><td>Leading<\/td><td>Disseminator and Leader<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Redistributing a territory after a representative resigns<\/td><td>Organizing<\/td><td>Resource Allocator<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resolving a major retailer&#8217;s complaint about late delivery<\/td><td>Leading and controlling<\/td><td>Disturbance Handler<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Negotiating terms with a supplier<\/td><td>Planning<\/td><td>Negotiator<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-mistakes\">Common mistakes<\/h2>\n<ul><li><strong>Continuing to do technical work:<\/strong> a new manager takes on the team&#8217;s tasks personally because they are the most skilled at them, and leading and controlling suffer.<\/li><li><strong>Confusing busyness with accomplishment:<\/strong> Drucker (2006) measures a manager by results, not by hours worked.<\/li><li><strong>Neglecting the human side:<\/strong> dealing with the numbers without addressing the causes of performance in individuals.<\/li><li><strong>No regular control:<\/strong> deviation is noticed only after it has turned into a crisis.<\/li><li><strong>Excessive centralization:<\/strong> the manager keeps every decision and becomes a bottleneck.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-conclusion\">Conclusion and recommendations<\/h2>\n<p>The three frameworks offer three angles on the managerial job: what a manager should do (functions), what a manager actually does (roles), and what a manager needs in order to do it (skills). For a manager just starting out:<\/p>\n<ol><li>Log your time for a week and classify it against Mintzberg&#8217;s roles.<\/li><li>Identify the function that gets the smallest share of your time and set a fixed slot for it.<\/li><li>Delegate the technical tasks your team can carry out.<\/li><li>Make performance review weekly, not only monthly.<\/li><li>Review your three skills annually and pick the weakest for training.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n<h2 id=\"en-faq\">Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<h3>What are the four managerial functions?<\/h3>\n<p>Planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The classification began with Fayol&#8217;s five functions, which modern textbooks then condensed.<\/p>\n<h3>What are the managerial roles in Mintzberg&#8217;s work?<\/h3>\n<p>Ten roles in three groups: interpersonal, informational and decisional (Mintzberg, 1973).<\/p>\n<h3>What three skills does a manager need?<\/h3>\n<p>Technical, human and conceptual (Katz, 1955), and the importance of each varies with the managerial level.<\/p>\n<h3>What is the difference between effectiveness and efficiency in Drucker&#8217;s view?<\/h3>\n<p>Effectiveness is doing the right things, and efficiency is doing things right (Drucker, 2006).<\/p>\n\n<h2>Putting it into practice<\/h2>\n<p>MTMS Global offers <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/training\/\">training programs<\/a> to prepare new managers and develop leadership skills, and <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/consulting\/\">consulting services<\/a> for redesigning structures and authorities. To benefit from artificial intelligence tools in managerial work, see our article <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/2026\/10\/27\/ai-tools-for-managers\/\">AI in management: a practical guide to raising team productivity<\/a> (Arabic). You can also <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/contact-us\/\">contact us<\/a> to discuss your organization&#8217;s needs.<\/p>\n\n<div id=\"en-refs\" class=\"mtms-refs\"><h2>References<\/h2><p>Drucker, P. F. (2006). <em>The effective executive: The definitive guide to getting the right things done<\/em>. Harper Business. (Original work published 1967)<\/p><p>Fayol, H. (1949). <em>General and industrial management<\/em> (C. Storrs, Trans.). Pitman. (Original work published 1916)<\/p><p>Katz, R. L. (1955). Skills of an effective administrator. <em>Harvard Business Review, 33<\/em>(1), 33\u201342.<\/p><p>Mintzberg, H. (1973). <em>The nature of managerial work<\/em>. Harper &amp; Row.<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"mtms-author\"><strong>About MTMS Global:<\/strong> a Cairo-based management training and consulting company serving organizations in Egypt and the Gulf. Contact: <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/contact-us\/\">contact page<\/a> \u00b7 Phone: <span dir=\"ltr\">+201550570044<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mtms-share\" data-mtms-share-en><strong>Share this article<\/strong><a class=\"s-wa\" data-n=\"wa\" href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WhatsApp<\/a><a class=\"s-li\" data-n=\"li\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/feed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LinkedIn<\/a><a class=\"s-fb\" data-n=\"fb\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Facebook<\/a><a class=\"s-x\" data-n=\"x\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">X<\/a><a class=\"s-tg\" data-n=\"tg\" href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Telegram<\/a><div class=\"mtms-follow\">Follow MTMS Global: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/share\/1A33BAuPjp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Facebook<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/mtmsglobal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LinkedIn<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<script>(function(){var B=document.body,E=document.querySelector('.mtms-en');if(!E)return;var H=document.querySelector('.entry-title'),ar=H?H.textContent:'',en=E.getAttribute('data-title'),ec=document.querySelector('.entry-content');var bar=document.createElement('div');bar.className='mtms-langbar';var b=document.createElement('button');b.type='button';bar.appendChild(b);if(ec)ec.insertBefore(bar,ec.firstChild);function set(x){B.classList.toggle(\"mtms-lang-en\",x);document.documentElement.setAttribute('lang',x?'en':'ar');if(H)H.textContent=x?en:ar;b.textContent=x?'\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a':'English';var c=document.querySelector('link[rel=canonical]'),u=encodeURIComponent(c?c.href:location.href.split('#')[0]),t=encodeURIComponent(en),m={wa:'https:\/\/wa.me\/?text='+t+'%20'+u,li:'https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/sharing\/share-offsite\/?url='+u,fb:'https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u='+u,x:'https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url='+u+'&text='+t,tg:'https:\/\/t.me\/share\/url?url='+u+'&text='+t};E.querySelectorAll('[data-mtms-share-en] a[data-n]').forEach(function(a){a.href=m[a.getAttribute('data-n')]})}b.addEventListener('click',function(){var x=!B.classList.contains(\"mtms-lang-en\");set(x);try{history.replaceState(null,'',x?'#en':location.pathname+location.search)}catch(e){}});set(location.hash==='#en')})();<\/script>\n\n<style>.mtms-share{direction:rtl;text-align:right;margin:2.2em 0 1em;padding:18px 20px;border:1px solid #e3e7ef;border-right:4px solid #C9A227;border-radius:10px;background:#f8f9fc;font-family:'Cairo','Tajawal',Tahoma,Arial,sans-serif}.mtms-share strong{display:block;color:#1B2A4A;font-size:17px;margin-bottom:12px}.mtms-share a{display:inline-block;margin:0 0 8px 8px;padding:9px 16px;border-radius:8px;color:#fff!important;font-size:15px;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none!important;line-height:1.4}.mtms-share a:hover{opacity:.88}.mtms-share .s-wa{background:#1fa855}.mtms-share .s-li{background:#0a66c2}.mtms-share .s-fb{background:#1877f2}.mtms-share .s-x{background:#111}.mtms-share .s-tg{background:#229ed9}.mtms-share .mtms-follow{margin-top:8px;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid #e3e7ef;font-size:15px;color:#1B2A4A}.mtms-share .mtms-follow a{background:#1B2A4A;padding:7px 14px;font-size:14px}<\/style>\n<div class=\"mtms-share\" data-mtms-share><strong>\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644<\/strong><a class=\"s-wa\" data-n=\"wa\" href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628<\/a><a class=\"s-li\" data-n=\"li\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/feed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LinkedIn<\/a><a class=\"s-fb\" data-n=\"fb\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643<\/a><a class=\"s-x\" data-n=\"x\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">X<\/a><a class=\"s-tg\" data-n=\"tg\" href=\"https:\/\/t.me\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645<\/a><div class=\"mtms-follow\">\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 MTMS Global: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/share\/1A33BAuPjp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/mtmsglobal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LinkedIn<\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<script>(function(){var c=document.querySelector('link[rel=canonical]'),u=encodeURIComponent(c?c.href:location.href.split('#')[0]),h=document.querySelector('h1'),t=encodeURIComponent((h?h.textContent:document.title).trim()),m={wa:'https:\/\/wa.me\/?text='+t+'%20'+u,li:'https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/sharing\/share-offsite\/?url='+u,fb:'https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u='+u,x:'https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?url='+u+'&text='+t,tg:'https:\/\/t.me\/share\/url?url='+u+'&text='+t};document.querySelectorAll('[data-mtms-share] a[data-n]').forEach(function(a){a.href=m[a.getAttribute('data-n')]})})();<\/script>\n<div class='mtms-author'><strong>\u0639\u0646 MTMS Global:<\/strong> \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644: <a href=\"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/contact-us\/\">\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644<\/a> \u00b7 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641: <span dir='ltr'>+201550570044<\/span><\/div>\n\n<script type='application\/ld+json'>{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u061f\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 Fayol \u0628\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f Mintzberg\u061f\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a: \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u061f\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Katz, 1955)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f Drucker\u061f\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d (Drucker, 2006).\"}}]}<\/script>\n\n<script>(function(){var M={'\/':['Home','\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629'],'about-us':['About us','\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0646'],'our-service':['Our Services','\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627'],'our-courses-2':['Our Courses','\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627'],'jobs':['Careers','\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641'],'our-courses':['Blogs','\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629'],'contact-us':['Contact Us','\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627'],'verify-certificate':['Verify Certificate','\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629']};function k(h){var p=(h||'').replace(\/^https?:\\\/\\\/[^\\\/]+\/,'').replace(\/^\\\/index\\.php\/,'').replace(\/^\\\/+|\\\/+$\/g,'');return p===''?'\/':p}function ap(){var en=document.body.classList.contains('mtms-lang-en');document.querySelectorAll('a.menu-link').forEach(function(a){var m=M[k(a.getAttribute('href'))];if(m){var t=m[en?0:1];if(a.textContent!==t)a.textContent=t}})}function init(){ap();new MutationObserver(ap).observe(document.body,{attributes:true,attributeFilter:['class']})}if(document.readyState==='loading')document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',init);else init()})();<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f Mintzberg\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f Katz\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":454,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"wpai_generated_summary":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-405","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/mtms-business-management-brand.webp","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/405","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=405"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/405\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":676,"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/405\/revisions\/676"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/454"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=405"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=405"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtms.com.eg\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=405"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}